Five issues to watch when Chopra goes to Congress

June 8, 2023 9:00 PM

Rohit Chopra, the director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, will be testifying before Congress next week on a wide range of issues from credit card late fees to small businesses lending.

Chopra is a composed public speaker, having honed his skills at testifying as a former Democrat on the Federal Trade Commission during the Trump administration and as the CFPB's first student loan ombudsman. As CFPB director, he is required to appear before the Senate Banking Committee and House Financial Services Committee semiannually to report on the agency's efforts, and his testimony in the House marks the first time he will have testified since Republicans took the lower chamber after the 2022 election.

Still, the contentious political climate forced the CFPB last year to create a special office devoted solely to responding to congressional probes. Republicans are expected to ratchet up the political rhetoric by renewing allegations that Chopra advanced a bank merger policy proposal that led to the resignation last year of former Federal Deposit Insurance Corp Chair Jelena McWilliams, an appointee of former President Donald Trump. Republicans also are likely to ask pointed questions about the CFPB's funding that is being challenged before the Supreme Court.

Here are five issues lawmakers are expected to focus on when Chopra testifies on Tuesday before the Senate Banking Committee and on Wednesday before the House Financial Services Committee.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau director Rohit Chopra has proposed to limit credit card late fees to $8, angering banks and credit unions.

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Credit card late fees

Chopra will get an earful about the CFPB's proposal to slash credit card late fees to $8 — a substantial decline when compared with the current $30 for a first late fee and $41 for subsequent late payments. The CFPB's proposal would eliminate $9 billion a year in annual revenue by amending a provision that has allowed credit card companies to raise fees to account for inflation.

Some Republican lawmakers said credit card issuers should be able to continue charging the high late fees to consumers and to continue adjusting them for inflation. In March, 17 Republican members of the House Financial Services Committee sent Chopra a letter claiming "the CFPB broke with precedent," by refusing to allow credit card issuers to raise late fees in 2022.

"The CFPB has yet to explain or justify why there was not an increase in the most recent annual adjustment announcement — a striking lack of transparency and accountability, and especially so in an era of outsized inflation," the lawmakers said in the letter.

Cracking down on junk fees has become a political rallying cry for President Biden as the Democratic Party seeks to portray itself as helping consumers cut costs. Republicans are likely to ask Chopra to explain whether its communications were coordinated with the Biden Administration or other federal agencies. The Republican lawmakers called the CFPB's late fee proposal "junk economics," claiming it amounted to socialism.

"It reflects the CFPB's seeming inability to understand that any service provision by the private sector involves costs, all of which ought not to be redistributed to others and effectively socialized," the lawmakers said in the letter.

Chopra likely will be asked how the CFPB came up with the specific $8 fee amount, and why a small business review panel was not convened to assess the impact on small banks and credit unions.

Credit card issuers and trade groups are expected to sue the CFPB over the proposed rule, but they can only do so once the rule is finalized and published in the Federal Register.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau enforcement actions have fallen under director Rohit Chopra's tenure.

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Enforcement actions plummet

Chopra has criticized repeat corporate offenders and was widely expected to ramp up enforcement actions and investigations at the CFPB when he took over.

But the bureau's own data show that enforcement is trending at about 20 actions a year, below actions brought by Chopra's predecessors in the Obama and Trump administrations. Despite bringing fewer actions, the level of monetary relief jumped to $2.5 billion last year, the largest amount since 2015. Still, roughly $1.7 billion of that amount came from a penalty assessed against Wells Fargo in December for wrongfully foreclosing on homes, illegally repossessing vehicles and charging customers surprise fees.

Because of the pending Supreme Court challenge to the bureau's constitutionality, the CFPB's investigations and enforcement actions are increasingly being challenged in court, tying up the bureau's resources. The CFPB opened just 25 new enforcement investigations in fiscal year 2022, compared with 64 in fiscal year 2021.

Both Democrats and Republicans are likely to question Chopra about his enforcement strategy going forward including whether the CFPB is expected to have more actions on fair lending given that redlining and reversing discrimination are policy priorities.

Chopra may win plaudits from Democrats for getting most of the major banks to slash billions in overdraft fees in the past two years. He also may get questions on other ways that the CFPB is working to get banks and financial institutions to adjust their policies and practices through supervision.

For the past decade, Republican lawmakers have routinely criticized the CFPB for engaging in what has been termed "regulation by enforcement," which amounts to regulators doing their job of filing lawsuits and engaging in settlement discussions with wrongdoers.

Chopra also may get sharp questions about his use of the bully pulpit, in which he issue advisory opinions to encourage financial institutions to adopt pro-consumer policies.

A Consumer Financial Protection Bureau employee was discovered to have taken personal data on some 250,000 consumers earlier this year.

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CFPB's employee data breach

Chopra will face tough questions about a data breach in March when a CFPB bank examiner sent confidential supervisory information on dozens of companies, and some information on roughly 250,000 consumers to their personal email account.

Republican lawmakers are likely to seize on the data breach to raise questions about the CFPB's security protocols and Chopra's response. The incident occurred on February 14 and the bureau notified lawmakers about the breach on March 21, which was first reported by the Wall Street Journal.

Rep. Bill Huizenga, R-Mich., chairman of the House Financial Services Oversight and Investigations subcommittee, demanded in a letter in April that Chopra brief the House Financial Services Committee staff about the breach. Lawmakers are likely to question why it took the CFPB five weeks to notify Congress.

Banks typically must report an outage or security breach within 36 hours of the incident being detected to their primary regulator — either the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., the Federal Reserve or the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency — under a Biden administration rule that went into effect last year. The reporting requirements also cover tech vendors of banks that are affected by cybersecurity incidents.

Lawmakers are likely to ask for more specific details about the breach, including whether the CFPB notified the 256,000 consumers whose data may have been compromised and what remediation steps have been taken to address data privacy practices.

The bureau has said that it has no evidence to indicate that confidential information or personal information was disseminated beyond the employee's personal email account. But the CFPB also raised further concerns when it said at the time of the breach that the former employee had not complied with a demand to attest that the 14 emails sent to his personal account had been deleted.

The breach also could lead some lawmakers to question the bureau about the safety of data submitted by financial institutions. Last year, Chopra ordered six of the largest tech firms — Amazon, Apple, Alphabet's Google, Meta, PayPal and Square (now Block) — to provide information about their payments platforms including how they safeguard consumer data.

Data collection on small business lending

The CFPB issued a long-anticipated rule in March that will require banks and other small business lenders to report demographic data on borrowers as part of the government's effort to combat discrimination.

Chopra is likely to get questioned about the rule, known as 1071 for its section in the Dodd Frank Act. The rule was mandated by Congress in 2010 but the bureau dragged its feet for more than a decade.

At past hearings, some lawmakers asked Chopra if he could simply scuttle the rule entirely — an indication of how contentious the rule is for small businesses and community banks. The CFPB was sued in 2019 by the California Reinvestment Coalition, a consumer advocacy group, and was under a court order to issue the rule. It is one of the last remaining mandates of Dodd-Frank that has yet to be implemented.

The rule requires that data be collected on a wide range of small business credit products including term loans, lines of credit, credit cards and merchant cash advances. Government and state entities will use the data to determine if a lender is discriminating against potential small business borrowers.

Lenders face even bigger risks if they are found to have violated fair lending laws or if the eventual public release of the data sparks a backlash by consumers. Financial firms have never been required to collect data on small businesses and have pushed back on doing so, claiming it requires too much paperwork and is a regulatory burden.

Currently, the federal government collects no information on small business lending, which became a huge problem when the COVID-19 pandemic hit and the federal government had little visibility into the credit needs of small business owners.

Many small lenders, community banks and others are concerned that the data, when it is ultimately released to the public, will show which banks are doing a poor job of lending to Black- and Hispanic-owned small businesses.

Bank merger policy

Republicans are expected to try to tarnish Chopra by questioning his involvement with the Federal Trade Commission, where he previously served as a Democratic commissioner during the Trump administration.

Last week, Rep. James Comer, R-Ky., who chairs the House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, opened an investigation into FTC Commissioner Lina H. Khan. Comer sent a letter to Khan requesting all documents and communications with Chopra, including any discussion of bank merger policies.

Republicans are intent on raising questions about Chopra's involvement in the FTC that is strikingly similar to an effort last year to criticize Chopra's actions related to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.'s bank merger policy.

While Comer has requested all documents or communications from Chopra discussing the impacts on potential bank merging parties and the bank merger review process, the request is primarily a political effort to keep the issue alive, experts said.

In February, former Republican FTC Commissioner Christine Wilson resigned from the agency by writing an Op-Ed in the Wall Street Journal citing abuses of power and disregard for the rule of law.

Her public resignation was similar to that of former FDIC Chair Jelena McWilliams, who announced she would resign from the FDIC in an op-ed published in The Wall Street Journal that pinned the blame on Chopra. McWilliams accused the Democratic members of the FDIC's board of a partisan ploy to try to "wrest control" of the agency from her. She claimed that Chopra and fellow FDIC board member Martin Gruenberg, who succeeded McWilliams as FDIC chair, had deviated from more than 80 years of precedent by putting forward a draft version of a request for information on bank merger reviews, which she objected to. Acting Comptroller of the Currency Michael Hsu also had voted in favor of the request.

Chopra is likely to dismiss Republicans' attacks. Last year, in congressional testimony, Chopra accused McWilliams of flouting the rule of law by refusing to advance a bank merger policy proposal that was backed in December by the FDIC's three-member Democratic majority.