U.S. units of foreign lenders including Deutsche Bank AG (DBK) may be required by regulators to comply with tougher capital rules that some banks sought to skirt, three people with knowledge of the discussions said.
The Federal Reserve, drafting standards for the nation's largest banks, may force non-U.S. firms to house all of their businesses within a U.S. holding company, said the people, who requested anonymity because the rules haven't been completed. That means local units would have to meet minimum capital standards regardless of their parents' resources.
Deutsche Bank and London-based Barclays Plc (BARC) have changed their U.S. legal status in the past two years to discard the holding-company structure. The treatment could force foreign banks to inject capital into their U.S. units and limit their ability to move funds across borders, said Luigi De Ghenghi, a partner at law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP in New York.
"Fragmenting capital along regional lines will impose real costs on doing cross-border banking," said De Ghenghi, a member of the firm's financial-institutions group. "Global banks will risk ending up with overcapitalized units all around the world because regulators are reluctant to allow the repatriation of capital once it's moved to their jurisdiction."
Foreign lenders can choose whether to create U.S. bank holding companies. Those units were exempt from capital standards as long as their parent firms were well-capitalized.
The Fed provided $538 billion of emergency loans to the U.S. units of European banks during the financial crisis, almost as much as it did to U.S. firms. That increased political pressure on lawmakers and regulators to tighten rules for all.
The 2010 Dodd-Frank Act closed the capital exemption for foreign bank holding companies. Some non-U.S. lenders then altered their legal structures to remain outside the scope of local capital rules.
Deutsche Bank, Germany's biggest lender, estimated in 2010 that it might need to inject almost $20 billion into its U.S. unit to comply with the same rules as domestic banks, the Wall Street Journal reported last year, citing an internal company document. The division, known as Taunus Corp., dropped its status as a bank holding company in February.
Barclays, the U.K.'s second-biggest bank, said in February 2011 that it deregistered Barclays Group U.S. as a bank holding company, partly to sidestep the capital requirements.
UBS AG (UBSN) and Credit Suisse Group AG (CSGN), Switzerland's largest lenders, were among firms that didn't have holding companies to start with. Most of the largest foreign institutions have small commercial-banking units in the U.S., where their operations are largely centered on securities trading.
Spokesmen for the Fed, Frankfurt-based Deutsche Bank, Barclays and UBS and Credit Suisse, both based in Zurich, declined to comment on the potential rule change.
Daniel Tarullo, a Fed governor who chairs the committee on bank supervision, is scheduled to speak about the regulation of foreign banking organizations today at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
Forcing foreign lenders to put U.S. assets under bank holding companies would subject them to U.S.-specific leverage requirements, in addition to global capital rules agreed to by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.
Basel regulations dictate how much capital banks need based on the riskiness of their assets. Lenders headquartered in the U.S. are subject to an additional leverage cap based on total assets, rather than on those weighted by risk. Leverage is a measure of a bank's debt in relation to shareholder equity.
While it would be easier for U.S. trading units of foreign banks to comply with the risk-based standard, the simple leverage limit could force them to raise more capital, according to one of the people.
The Institute of International Bankers, a New York-based lobbying group that represents 100 foreign lenders operating in the U.S., has warned regulators against blanket rules that would treat all firms the same, according to Chief Executive Officer Sarah "Sally" Miller.
"Based on the risk Bank X poses to the U.S. financial system, then they could ask that one for more capital, as Dodd- Frank stipulates," Miller said. "But across-the-board, one- size-fits-all rules like this can be very harmful, discouraging foreign banks to be here. That could hurt lending, considering that 25 percent of all commercial and industrial bank loans in the U.S. are made by foreign firms."
